Degrees of Comparison The Degrees of Comparison in English grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small, high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression. There are three Degrees of Comparison in English. They are:   1. Positive degree.  2. Comparative degree.  3. Superlative degree.  1.Positive degree. When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree. In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is.  There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be  in the “positive form”. Examples: • This house is big.  In this sentence only one noun “The house" is talked about.  • He is a tall student.  • This flower is beautiful.  • He is an intelligent boy.  Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun. 2.Comparative degree.  When we compare two persons or two things with each other, We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree. In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’. Therefore, an adjective word which shows the difference of quality betweentwotwo groups of persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or things, or. Examples: 1.      This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative) This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative) No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)  The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”. All the three sentences mean the same meaning. 2.      This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative) This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative) No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative) The term “most beautiful" is the superlative version of the term “beautiful". All the three sentences mean the same meaning.  3.      He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative) He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative) No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive) The term “most intelligent" is superlative version of the term “intelligent". Both these sentences convey the same meaning. 4.      He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative) He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative) No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive) The term “tallest" is superlative version of the term “tall".  3. Superlative degree In this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’ is an adjective used to compare the “largeness” of the blue whale and to tell us that the blue whale has the most quality of ‘largeness’ This comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than two persons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the highest degree of that       particular quality (here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals, more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’ Exsamples : 1) I think Lisa is shorter than Pam. 2) Of all the boys, Paul runs the fastest. 3) In the music show, the horns were the loudest instruments. 4) I think my sister is prettier than I am. 5) Jordan is a better mathematician than Will is, but Will is the best scientist in the class Question Words Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people, etc. They are different from yes / no questions (Do you live in France?). This chart provides question words, the use and example sentences. Study the question words, understand the uses and then look at the examples. Try to think of a few examples of your own. At the end, take the quiz on the next page testing question words. WHAT  is used to request information about something. ·             What do you like ? ·             What time did you meet febri ? ·             What does you do at weekends ? WHO is used for asking which person is involved in something, or what someone’s name is.   Who know invite the dinner party ?   Who killed John F. Kennedy?   Who is that?’ ‘It’s Karen – don’t you recognize her?’ WHERE is used asking in or at what place or position. ·         Where do you live ? ·         There Where are you located ? ·         Where do you work ? WHEN is used asking about time. ·         When this show started ? ·         When you meet with him ? ·         When can we meet again ? WHY is used asking for  reason. ·         Why did not you see me ?       Why do you say that ?       Why they can be in this place ? HOW is used asking  about manner or something. ·         How to make cake ? ·         How was your exam ? ·         How are you today ? 5 W + 1 H in English Newspaper The Three Little Pigs: Who was involved? The three little pigs (the first pig, the second pig and the third pig) and The Big Bad Wolf (a.k.a. Wolf). What happened? Each pig constructed a house out of different materials (straw, sticks and bricks). Wolf (allegedly) threatened to blow over their houses and is believed to have destroyed both the straw and stick homes at this time. Pig one and two were able to flee to the brick house, where they remain at the moment. We’re still waiting to hear from local authorities, but it looks like the Wolf may have been injured while attempting to enter the brick house. Where did it take place? Outside a straw house, a stick house and a brick house. When did it take place? At various times throughout the day. Why did it happen? Apparently the Big Bad Wolf was trying to eat the pigs. Several eyewitnesses recall the Wolf taunting the pigs before he destroyed the straw and stick homes by chanting, “Little pigs, little pigs, let me in.” The pigs apparently scoffed at the Wolf’s idle treats, saying “Not by the hair of our chinny, chin chins.” It’s believed this angered the Wolf and led to him blowing the houses down. How did it happen? It would appear the first two homes were not built to withstand the Wolf’s powerful breath. The incident inside the brick house is still being investigated, but early indications suggest the Wolf fell into a boiling pot of water when trying to enter the house through the chimney. Active and passive sentences Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. Active Form In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. Passive Form In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action Example : Some people raise sugar cane in Hawaii. (active) Sugar cane is raised by some people in Hawaii. (passive) The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch. (active) The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch. (passive The homeowners remodeled the house to help it sell. (active) The house was remodeled by the homeowners to help it sell. (passive) The team will celebrate their victory tomorrow. (active) The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow. (passive) The saltwater eventually corroded the metal beams. (active) The metal beams were eventually corroded by the saltwater. (passive) Relative / Adjective Clauses Adjective clause or relative clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective and a noun or pronoun explained in the main clause of a complex sentence ( a sentence consisting of independent clause and one or more dependent clause) . ·         Did you go to the school where my friend Jim goes? ·         The moment when the clown burst in to surprise the teacher was great! ·         The reason why I left is a secret. ·         Can you see the bird that is on the fence? ·         The cat whom we are watching just caught a mouse! Conditional Sentences / If-clause Conditional Sentence ( = Sentence modality ) is a phrase used to express something that may happen or may not happen as expected . Conditional Sentence ( Sentence presupposition ) in English bahada always a compound sentence (compound sentence ) , namely a sentence consisting of Main Clause ( Parent quantity ) and the Subordinate Clause ( Son Sentence ) . In this form of conditional sentence between parent sentence by sentence amak associated with " if ( if ) " . Main clause ( main clause ) is part of a compound sentence that can stand alone and have a complete sense if separated from one another in a compound sentence . While the Subordinate clause ( clause ) is part of a compound sentence can not stand alone if separated from one another in a compound sentence Conditional Sentence Type 1 Conditional Sentence type 1, is used to discuss the situation that has not occurred in the present and will happen in the future . Formula : If + Simple Present, will + verb I Example : ·         If you give me money, I will help you. ·         If you help me, I will give you money ·         If our team win the match, we will be very happy. ·         If jony camps, he will build of campfire. Conditional Sentences Type 2 Conditional sentences type 2, is used to express incident that may not occur because the condition may not be met. Formula : IF + Past tense , would + verb1 Example : ·         If I were you, I would be very angry. ·         If I were superman, I would fly to the moon. ·         If I merried Anna, I would be very happy. ·         If I were an entrepreneur, I would get money easily. Conditional Sentences Type 3 Conditional sentences type 3, the conditions may not be met because the events happened in the past so it might not happen . Fornula : IF + Past Perfect, would have + verb3 Example : ·         If her grandfather had been immediately taken  to the hospital, he would have been saved.             Fact : Her grandfather didn’t immediately taken  to the hospital, so he didn’t save. ·         If Jono had studied hard, he would have passed the exam.             Fact : Jono didn’t study hard, so he didn’t pass the exam.     http://www.weblearneng.com/the-degrees-of-comparison http://esl.about.com/od/grammar/a/a_questionword.htm http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-active-and-passive-voice.html http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm